8 Sources and further bibliography

Uszkoreit, H. (1997). “Language Technology A First Overview”. Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz.

Ideo. (2015). “The field guide to Human-Centered Design”. Journal design kit the human-centered design toolkit.

Mark, D. (Aug 13, 2020). “Serverless ML: Deploying Lightweight Models at Scale”. Mark Douthwaite.

Mark, D. (Jul 22, 2020). “A Brief Introduction to Serverless Computing”. Mark Douthwaite.

Jan, K. (2023). Creating community-driven datasets: Insights from Mozilla Common Voice activities in East Africa. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.

Kalika Bali, Monojit Choudhury, Sunayana Sitaram, Vivek Seshadri. (December 2019) “ELLORA: Enabling Low Resource Languages with Technology”. UNESCO International Conference on Language Technologies for all (LT4All)

David Adelani, Jesujoba Alabi, Angela Fan, Julia Kreutzer, Xiaoyu Shen, Machel Reid, Dana Ruiter, Dietrich Klakow, Peter Nabende, Ernie Chang, Tajuddeen Gwadabe, Freshia Sackey, Bonaventure F. P. Dossou, Chris Emezue, Colin Leong, Michael Beukman, Shamsuddeen Muhammad, Guyo Jarso, Oreen Yousuf, et al.. 2022. A Few Thousand Translations Go a Long Way! Leveraging Pre-trained Models for African News Translation. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pages 3053–3070, Seattle, United States. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Adelani, D.I., Masiak, M., Azime, I.A., Alabi, J.O., Tonja, A.L., Mwase, C., Ogundepo, O., Dossou, B.F., Oladipo, A., Nixdorf, D., Emezue, C.C., Al-Azzawi, S.S., Sibanda, B.K., David, D., Ndolela, L., Mukiibi, J., Ajayi, T.O., Ngoli, T.M., Odhiambo, B., Owodunni, A.T., Obiefuna, N.C., Muhammad, S.H., Abdullahi, S.S., Yigezu, M.G., Gwadabe, T.R., Abdulmumin, I., Bame, M.T., Awoyomi, O.O., Shode, I., Adelani, T.A., Kailani, H.A., Omotayo, A., Adeeko, A., Abeeb, A., Aremu, A., Samuel, O., Siro, C., Kimotho, W., Ogbu, O.R., Mbonu, C.E., Chukwuneke, C.I., Fanijo, S., Ojo, J., Awosan, O.F., Guge, T.K., Sari, S.T., Nyatsine, P., Sidume, F., Yousuf, O., Oduwole, M., Kimanuka, U., Tshinu, K.P., Diko, T., Nxakama, S., Johar, A.T., Gebre, S., Mohamed, M.A., Mohamed, S.A., Hassan, F.M., Mehamed, M.A., Ngabire, E., & Stenetorp, P. (2023). “MasakhaNEWS: News Topic Classification for African languages”. ArXiv, abs/2304.09972.

“Language Specific Peculiarities Document for Sheng as Spoken in Kenya”. (2022) Appen and CLEAR Global.

Julia Kreutzer, Isaac Caswell, Lisa Wang, Ahsan Wahab, Daan van Esch, Nasanbayar Ulzii-Orshikh, Allahsera Tapo, Nishant Subramani, Artem Sokolov, Claytone Sikasote, Monang Setyawan, Supheakmungkol Sarin, Sokhar Samb, Benoît Sagot, Clara Rivera, Annette Rios, Isabel Papadimitriou, Salomey Osei, Pedro Ortiz Suarez, et al.. 2022. “Quality at a Glance: An Audit of Web-Crawled Multilingual Datasets”. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 10:50–72.

Santini, M., Strandqvist, W., Nyström, M., Alirezai, M., Jönsson, A. (2018). “Can We Quantify Domainhood? Exploring Measures to Assess Domain-Specificity in Web Corpora”. In: Elloumi, M., et al. Database and Expert Systems Applications. DEXA 2018. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 903. Springer, Cham.

Öktem A. (2022) “Toolkit for marginalized and under-resourced languages”.

Öktem, A., DeLuca, E., Bashizi, R., Paquin, E., & Tang, G. (2021). Congolese Swahili Machine Translation for Humanitarian Response. ArXiv, abs/2103.10734.

Anastasopoulos, A., Cattelan, A., Dou, Z., Federico, M., Federman, C., Genzel, D., Guzm'an, F., Hu, J., Hughes, M., Koehn, P., Lazar, R., Lewis, W., Neubig, G., Niu, M., Oktem, A., Paquin, E., Tang, G., & Tur, S. (2020). TICO-19: the Translation Initiative for Covid-19. ArXiv, abs/2007.01788.

Nekoto, W., Marivate, V., Matsila, T., Fasubaa, T.E., Kolawole, T., Fagbohungbe, T.H., Akinola, S.O., Muhammad, S.H., KABENAMUALU, S.K., Osei, S., Freshia, S., Niyongabo Rubungo, A., Macharm, R., Ogayo, P., Ahia, O., Meressa, M., Adeyemi, M., Mokgesi-Selinga, M., Okegbemi, L., Martinus, L., Tajudeen, K., Degila, K., Ogueji, K., Siminyu, K., Kreutzer, J., Webster, J., Ali, J.T., Abbott, J.Z., Orife, I., Ezeani, I.U., Dangana, I.A., Kamper, H., ElSahar, H., Duru, G., Kioko, G., Murhabazi, E., Biljon, E.V., Whitenack, D., Onyefuluchi, C., Emezue, C.C., Dossou, B.F., Sibanda, B.K., Bassey, B.I., Olabiyi, A., Ramkilowan, A., Oktem, A., Akinfaderin, A., & Bashir, A.M. (2020). Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languages. ArXiv, abs/2010.02353

Alp Öktem, Muhannad Albayk Jaam, Eric DeLuca, Grace Tang. (2020) “Gamayun – Language Technology for Humanitarian Response” In: 2020 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC) 2020 October 29 - November 1; Virtual. IEEEXplore link

∀, Iroro Orife, Julia Kreutzer, Blessing Sibanda, Daniel Whitenack, Kathleen Siminyu, Laura Martinus, Jamiil Toure Ali, Jade Abbott, Vukosi Marivate, Salomon Kabongo, Musie Meressa, Espoir Murhabazi, Orevaoghene Ahia, Elan van Biljon, Arshath Ramkilowan, Adewale Akinfaderin, Alp Öktem, Wole Akin, Ghollah Kioko, Kevin Degila, Herman Kamper, Bonaventure Dossou, Chris Emezue, Kelechi Ogueji, Abdallah Bashir. “Masakhane -- Machine Translation For Africa” In: AfricaNLP workshop @ Eighth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2020) 2020 April 26; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Online).

Alp Öktem, Mirko Plitt, Grace Tang. “Tigrinya Neural Machine Translation with Transfer Learning for Humanitarian Response”. In: AfricaNLP workshop @ Eighth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2020) 2020 April 26; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Online).

Aimee Ansari (2023) “Hello, Porcupine! Using AI to support farmers to adapt to climate change”. CLEAR Global Blog

Markus Freitag, Ricardo Rei, Nitika Mathur, Chi-kiu Lo, Craig Stewart, Eleftherios Avramidis, Tom Kocmi, George Foster, Alon Lavie, and André F. T. Martins. 2022. Results of WMT22 Metrics Shared Task: Stop Using BLEU – Neural Metrics Are Better and More Robust. In Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Machine Translation (WMT), pages 46–68, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Hybrid). Association for Computational Linguistics.

Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and WeiJing Zhu. 2002. Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 311–318, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Maja Popovic. 2015. chrF: character n-gram F-score for automatic MT evaluation. In Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pages 392–395, Lisbon, Portugal. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Way, A. (2018). Quality Expectations of Machine Translation. In: Moorkens, J., Castilho, S., Gaspari, F., Doherty, S. (eds) Translation Quality Assessment. Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91241-7_8

Müller, Mathias. Robust Neural Machine Translation Systems. 2021, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts.

Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate. CoRR, abs/1409.0473.

Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is All you Need. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30, pages 5998–6008.